BIO Semester 2 Final Exam Study Guide:
Genetics: 

Know how to use pedigrees:
		Who in the pedigree has the disorder?

		Who in the pedigree must be carriers of the disease?

		How do you know if it’s a sex-linked disorder?
 
What do you call offspring that result from crosses between parents with different traits?

When Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants, all the offspring were tall.  Why?

A Punnett square showing Mendel’s cross between true-breeding tall plants and true-breeding short plants, shows:

What is incomplete dominance and codominance?

	What is Meiosis and what is its purpose?

Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of what in terms of …

		… haploid vs. diploid?
		… the number of cells created?
		… genetic similarity or differences?

What is genetic engineering?

Evolution:

What key observations did Charles Darwin make on the Galápagos Islands?

When predators prey on other animals, some are killed and some escape. Which ideas of Darwin’s concept of natural selection might be used to describe this situation?

What did Charles Darwin call the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment?

According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have what traits?

_________________________ structures are structures that originated from the same type of body part but have adapted to carry on slightly different functions.

Interbreeding among members of a population results in what in terms of genetic, specifically allele frequencies?

A change in a sequence of DNA is called a what?

The gene shuffling that occurs as part of sexual reproduction does what?

What is the Human Genome Project?

What controls how an organism develops from conception to birth, and beyond?

What do gene pools contain?

What is genetic drift?

What are the forms of selection within a population (graphs!)?

If a mutation introduces a new trait in a population, which factor might determine whether the frequency of the new allele will increase?

What are the forms of reproductive barriers?

What is the founder effect? 

	How is sedimentary rock formed?

The fossil record shows what?

What did Darwin see the fossil record as proof of?

How do you use a phylogenetic tree, like the one below, to determine which organisms are most closely related?

Which organism above is most closely related to the S. parodoxus?

Which organism above is least related to the S. parodoxus?

What is the role of radioactive (radiometric) dating?  What is half-life?

How do you determine the half-life of a substance based on a graph of its decay? 

How do you use a substance’s half-life to determine its age?

How do you use charts like the one below to compare/contrast similarities between organisms based on protein codes?

According to the table above, which organism is most similar to bacterium?

According to the table above, which organism is least similar to bacterium?

According to the table above, which organism is most un-like to the N. tencrife lizzard? 

According to the table above, which organism is most similar to the N. tencrife lizzard? 

What are the characteristics of early Earth before the oceans formed?  After?

How did the development of sexual reproduction speed up the process of evolution?

							

Bacteria and Viruses:

What is a prokaryote?

What ecological importance do bacteria have?

Bacteria that cause disease are called what?

A bacterial infection results when bacteria do what

How can bacterial diseases be treated?  

	Compare the role of antibiotics vs. vaccines.

What are the results and indications of Gram staining?

What is a virus?

What is the general composition of a virus?

What characteristics of living things do viruses not fulfill?

Ecology: 
What are the difference between primary and secondary succession?

Explain how energy is transferred through a trophic level. 

Explain the role of producers, consumers, and decomposers in a food web and give examples of each. 

What happens to energy and biomass as it goes through the different trophic levels?

Describe the rate of human population growth.

Explain the consequences of human population growth on the Earth.

How is carbon, nitrogen, and water cycled through an ecosystem?

What are the cause and effects of an invasive species on a native population?

What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?

Explain the relationship between predators and prey (i.e deer and wolves) and how they affect population. 

What are the cause and effect of global warming? 

Human Body Systems:

What is homeostasis?

The four basic types of tissue in the human body are?

What are the levels of organization in the body?

What is muscle tissue, and how is it specialized for its job?	

What are stem cells?  What is their importance?	

Body System Name	Function	Organs Involved	
Muscular		

Circulatory		

Immune/Lymphatic		

Endocrine		

Nervous		

Digestive		

Excretory		

Where does chemical digestion begin in the digestive system?

How do vaccines work with the immune system?

	 
What is the function of the pancreas?

How is a positive feedback loop different from a negative feedback loop (feedback inhibition)?

How does your body respond to conditions that increase body temp?

How does your body respond to conditions that decrease body temp (hypothermia)?